Outline the principal sources of authority available to US presidents Essay

The president is naturally the focus of US politics. Media coverage will of course always focus on the President. The position is undoubtedly the most significant in world politics and the president of the United States is commonly recognised as the most powerful person in the world. In addition to this, executive organisation is organised in a pyramidal fashion towards the oval office and within the executive the President is a dominant figure. However, form this brief explanation of the Presidency the true complications that it is marked by are unclear. The president is in a position where negotiation and compromise are necessities. A president that makes government work is one that has a program and uses his resources to get it enacted. A good president is an activist: he sets the agenda, is attentive to the progress being made, and willingly accepts responsibility for what happens. However, the President must also accept that others have resources and responsibility and incorporate this into his actions and decisions. The United States has a separated, not a presidential system and no one least of all presidents can be entrusted with excessive authority. The true nature of the Presidency; and the powers endowed to the occupant of the White House; is actually a lot more complicated than it appears on the surface. It may seem that the directly elected president who holds such a strong position and image in world politics is ensured a smooth passage to achieving the policies they want to. However, whilst a lot of the resources of power expected to be possessed by someone of such a high global standing are enjoyed by the American President, there are constraints to which a successful election guarantees political dominance. Presidents learn many refrains on the job, if they don’t know already. Bill Clinton learned the difficulties of split party control by having to battle Republican majorities in congress. George W Bush had witnessed firsthand his father’s problems of governing with a Democratic congress. He also learnt about the limitations of executive power on the job as governor of Texas. There is never a guarantee that election by a wide margin ensures a powerful president throughout his term in office. Likewise, having high public approval ratings doesn’t necessarily ensure a free rein for the President. Johnson remarked how winning power doesn’t guarantee a President with executive power. He has to establish what is the ‘right to govern’ by inspiring confidence on the people and fulfilling the leadership roles expected. Every president has to develop a moral underpinning to his power and assert a style and authority on the President, or he soon discovers that he has no power at all. Obviously, public and media focus is always on the President and as a result, expectations of a President often far exceed the individual’s personal, political, institutional or constitutional capacities. Focusing too much on the Presidency can lead to a seriously distorted picture of how national government works. The resources and authority of the president, although large, are not as clear cut as it initially seems. To begin with, a President’s relationship with congress is obviously crucial to him exercising a strong level of power. However, the president’s political status and strategic positioning does not end with the state of congress. The public interpretation of strength associated with the election results, the exact number of seats possessed by the President’s party in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, midterm election results, the nature of public and media opinion and the contentiousness of the issues all affect the strategic behaviour of the President. The importance of change and the dynamic nature of American politics cannot be overlooked. Even a President who commands government on the back of a convincing election and high public ratings have been unable to protect their apparent legitimacy against changing conditions. For example, President Nixon demonstrated that even though he had been mandated, misuse of his position and resources caused his downfall. Public trust is a huge resource of presidential authority and something that cannot afford to be jeopardised. I believe the authority of the president can be broken down into two sections. He has the strategic capacity to set the nation’s political agenda, predominantly by using the powers endowed to him by the constitution. He also has the tactical capacity to negotiate and bargain with other political actors in order to win over both congress and public opinion, two crucial groups to keep satisfied in order to properly implement his policy agenda. There is then a subset of factors that influence the extent to which the president can carry out the above activities. These influences make up the president’s resources of power and how they are used will determine how powerful and dominant he can become. There is no doubt that the largest resource of authority available to the president is the constitution. It is certainly the most important area to consider when analysing the authority of the president. Article 2 of the constitution demonstrates why the position of the American president is so huge. The explicit grants and limitations of power awarded to the president in this article of the constitution are the basis on which the contemporary American president is built. Executive power of the federal government is vested in the president. He has the power to appoint ambassadors, members of the cabinet, Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of lower federal courts, with the advice and consent of the senate. He can propose legislative measures and veto bills emerging from congress. In terms of the armed forces and foreign policy, the president in America is similar to that in France in the sense that he regards this as his reserved domain. The above clauses therefore make up the basis of the president’s power. However, it is clear from this that whilst it obviously makes the president the primary actor in the American political system, there is room for manoeuvre and this alone cannot give us all the information we need in learning about the president’s resources of authority. The fact that there is a lot of gaps to be filled in article 2 of the constitution mean that the position of power in the American political system is of a dynamic nature. A lot of the presidents other resources of power outside of the prerogative powers endowed by the constitution are circumstantial and possess the potential to change at any moment. Presidents will claim that there are some powers endowed to them that are inherent in the constitution that are not explicitly stated. These are interpreted by different presidents in different ways. This seems to be interpreted from the statutory delegation of power by congress to the presidency. The best example of this is Lincoln declaring martial law during the civil war under emergency powers. The constitution’s generality and ambiguity requires gaps to be filled so various presidents can appeal to this ambiguity in asserting that they possess unwritten constitutional provisions. However, this process of filling gaps is untidy, intellectually inconsistent and highly contentious. Not confined to the judicial branch of government, it incorporates the executive, congress, interest groups and public opinion. Therefore, presidents have to develop other resources of authority available to them in order for them to be able to abuse the apparent unwritten elements of the constitution. Whilst the principle of inherent powers of the president possessed in the constitution is now accepted by the majority, then extent to which they exist remains a matter of dispute. The media is a huge resource for the president. The media have over the course of the 20th century changed the nature of the presidency through the introduction of both radio and television. The media has been enhanced as a significant source of strategic leadership in an otherwise fragmented political system. Media attention naturally focuses on the White House and that doesn’t show any sign of changing. The Oval Office is where the prestige of American politics lies. Therefore, the president is showcased through a proportion of the media as the only significant part of the political system. This in general acts to strengthen the president’s political authority and journalists are generally treated well by the president in order to guarantee this strengthening. However, inherent in this action is an acceptance that the media always have been and are now more than ever a threat to presidents. The legitimacy received by the president through being directly elected and no one in the American system being mandated in the same way is a great resource for the president. The elected part of the executive branch of American system is singular, not collective, and the president is in consequence, a prominent national figure: his constituency is his nation and he therefore enjoys a singular electoral legitimacy. Both Congress and the Supreme Court are institutions with multiple memberships whereas the presidency is a strictly one member group. Having no rival in this sense helps the president appeal directly to the heart of the American people and makes them the foremost person in American politics. This is essentially the American president’s greatest political asset. Political skill is certainly an important factor in the success that presidents have in asserting leadership. Lyndon B Johnson was able to exert more authority than he was constitutionally defined to do so because he had particularly good persuasive skills. Additionally, Ronald Reagan possessed strong strategic skills that enabled him to manipulate his position effectively. President’s can exercise neither strategic nor persuasive leadership by relying upon their limited resources of authority; much depends upon the skill with which a president is able to bring political influence and persuasion to bear. However, the most important controlling factor of the president’s level of authority is his relationship with other key political actors. He can maintain high standing with the public if his cabinet is appointed sensibly and he has a healthy working relationship with congress. Therefore, other political actors are an important resource of the president’s authority. By making clever decisions about who to be in his cabinet, a president can accomplish a number of goals. He can reward significant supporters, as Bush did with his appointment of James Baker as secretary of state. In addition to this, he can build support amongst other factions of the country by keeping his cabinet diverse. This tactic can especially be used to strengthen links with racial groups and women. All recent presidents have appointed at least one black person and one woman to their cabinet. Finally, cabinet is essential to maintaining a good relationship with congress, the key obstacle at times to presidential authority. It is necessary for a president to be successful that he exercises strategic and tactical leadership of congress. Presidents such as Jimmy Carter who do not reliably achieve legislative leadership are generally regarded as having failed. It tends to be crucial for a president to be authoritative with congress to fully accomplish his goals and take full advantage of the resources available to him. Taking on the role of chief legislator is an important aspect of a president’s authority. Maintaining a good relationship with congress tends to bring together all the important resources available to the president and if carried out effectively culminate becoming the chief legislator and that is effectively when the president is at his most powerful. A president’s political skill and ability to handle other key political actors is exemplified in his relationship with congress. Furthermore, maintaining a higher standard with the public enables him to be more dominant in regard to congress. This is the area where the US executive differs mainly from that of parliamentary systems. The following problem is encountered by the French president as well as the American. Managing congress can be difficult, especially when the majority party is different to that of the president. Congress loses its degree of significance as a political resource when the party of the president do not enjoy a majority and it becomes a lot more difficult for the president to act as the chief legislator. The president in America does not have the backing of a party whose main responsibility is to sustain government. This is significantly different to parliamentary systems where the primary function of parliament is to maintain government. Therefore, parliament in the UK takes on a less significant role in analysing the dynamic nature of institutional power as it tends to stay relatively constant through a term than Congress in the US. This is made even more complicated by midterm elections. However, what is similar in the management of the two executives is how crucial political skill and management of relations is. Neither a President nor a Prime Minister is able to overlook relations with key political actors around him. In conclusion, the principal sources of presidential authority are like most issues in world politics. They are dynamic and dependent on the nature of the president and the circumstances he finds himself in, he can add to the obvious constitutionally defined roles as president through smooth management of colleagues, congress and public opinion. Whilst the constitution remains the most significant resource, there is a lot of scope for extra authority through effective management of the situation the president is in. This is true of all political systems, whilst there is usually a constitutionally defined role for executive leadership, political skill will determine the extent to which this leadership is implemented.

Beowulf Question Essay

8) Does the Green Knight play by the rules of courtesy? Is he ultimately a negative or a positive figure? The Green Knight plays by the rules of courtesy. The Green Knight keeps to his word and is loyal, which is a big aspect to keeping with the rules of courtesy. He shows this when he first explains the game to Sir Gawain. The Green Knight game allows Gawain to take the first swing at him, â€Å"Now hold your grim tool steady And show us how it hacks.† (ln.412-413). He makes sure that Sir Gawain understands the rules and that he will stick to the game, as the Green Knight will too. This is shown when he repeats the part of the game where Sir Gawain must find the Green Knight after a year, â€Å"Sir Gawain, forget not to go as agreed, And cease not to seek till me, sir, you find† (ln. 447-448)The Green Knight is kind when approaching King Arthur and the knights about the game he wants to play, which is also playing by the rules of courtesy, but â€Å"Where is,† h e said, â€Å"The captain of this crowd?† Keenly I wish To see that sire with sight and to himself say my say.(ln.224-226) The Green Knight is ultimately a positive figure because although his game is not very courteous, he does play by the rules of courtesy in such ways as remaining loyal, truthful, and kind. 2) What is the symbolism of the three beast hunted by Bertilak? The symbolism within the three beasts hunted by Bertilak is that the manner of the animal was the manner of the lady of the house on that given day. The first day a deer was being hunted. On this day, the lady of the house was acting like a deer in ways that she did not go straight to her point, but instead darted around the subject, much like a deer would do in the woods. â€Å"Not, not so, sweet sir,† said the smiling lady, â€Å"You shall not rise from your bed; I direct you better: I shall hem and hol you on either hand,† (ln. 1223-1225) The lady approaches Sir Gawain on the first day very nice and gentle, but avoids going straight to the point. Second day a boar was being hunted. The lady of the house was very straight forward and rough on this day, just like a boar would act in its habitat. â€Å"You are stout enough to constrain with strength, if you choose, Were any so ungracious as to grudge you aught,† (ln.1496-1497) which shows how she is being more straight forward with her attraction and want for Sir Gawain. On the last day, a fox was being hunted. Foxes are clever, sneaky, and intelligent, and that is how the lady of the house acted on the last day. â€Å"Those words,† said the woman, â€Å"are the worst of all, But I have had my answer, and hard do I find it! Kiss me now kindly† (ln. 1792-1793) This is showing how she is being sneaky with her point, trying to guilt him into kissing her. Which is what a fox would do, be clever and sneaky. 3) What is the relationship between the scenery and Sir Gawain’s mental state? The relationship between the scenery and Sir Gawain’s mental state is that the scenery tends to represent what is happening in Sir Gawain’s mind. When Sir Gawain was feeling relaxed and calm, the scenery was â€Å"bliss and hearth-fire†(ln. 1368). Therefore the bliss scenery was representing his calmness. When Sir Gawain was on his way to meet the Green Knight, he had a negative mental state which is represented by the scenery as stated, â€Å"a ragged rock and a roughhewn-craig†(ln.2166).This connection between the scenery and Sir Gawain’s mental state is again showed when stated, â€Å"with coarse grass inclumps all without and all hollow within’’(ln.2181), which shows his negative mental state again.

Problematical Aspects Encountered When Using The English Language Essay

Problematical Aspects Encountered When Using The English Language - Essay Example English grammar also recognizes the importance of the â€Å"aspect†, which is considered to be â€Å"a cover term for those properties of a sequence that constitute the temporal structure of the event denoted by the verb and its arguments† (ibid.). In his â€Å"Translating English Perfect Tenses into Arabic† study, Hassan A.H. Gadalla develops the idea of Kerstens, Ruys & Zwarts (1996–2001), that the English language contains four tense forms (past, present, future, future-in-the-past or conditional) and that for every one of these tenses there exist four â€Å"aspectual references† (simple, progressive, perfect and perfect progressive). Either one of the verbal tenses can, therefore, admit an aspect, in order to express a certain idea regarding the moment in which the presented action occurs. According to the previous definitions and ideas, the use of the English tenses and aspects is primarily influenced by the speaker’s intention regarding the framing of time that he wishes to offer to his communicational sentence. Furthermore, this essay will develop the appropriate theories and real situations in order to exemplify the usage of the English Perfect Tenses, in both English native communication and in translation. Considering these aspects regarding time value in an action and discussing the issues that may occur is vital for the appropriate transmission of the message, since English grammar offers a wide range of examples and situations in which the knowledge, and therefore the correct usage of aspects and tenses tends to have a great impact on the communication activity. Moreover, when translating from English to other languages, an adequate understanding of the linguistic phenomena such as transferring the modal aspects or perfect expressions into a language with different grammar and tenses usage probably is the most important part of the process.

Financial report analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial report analysis - Essay Example The company’s sales have increased by almost 78% from the year 2005 till the year 2009. The company’s sales figures have increased 15.5% on average over the years i.e. from 2005 to 2009 (9%(2006) + 14% (2007) + 18% (2008) + 21% (2009 ? 4). This shows an increasing trend in the sales figure over all the preceding years. The Earnings before Interest, Tax and Amortization (EBITA) have been showing encouraging signs for the shareholders of the company over the five year period. BAE group’s net profit had also been following an increasing trend but the result of 2009 has been of highest worry for its stakeholders, the company reported a loss of ?45 million as compared to a profit of ?1,768 million in the year 2008, this shows a hefty reduction of ?1,813 million which equates to a reduction of approximately 102% in the reported profits of 2009 when compared with that of 2008. This loss has been made as a result of some great changes in the company’s income gener ating assets. The major contribution towards this loss has been attributed to the reduction in foreign exchange gains. This has been because of the weakening of the Dollar currency. BAE systems had to face an incredible strike because of the weakened US Dollar and because of it the gains diminished in the year 2009 as compared to the previous years when those gains were really higher. The second most obvious reason for this loss was because of the reduction in the Interest Income for BAE systems, the interest income within the company has been an influential factor in reducing the effect of the high interest payments and other expenditures. To further understand the financial performance of the company, the ratio analysis technique is used. There are different types of ratios available to ascertain the different operating areas of a company. The Profitability Ratios ascertain the efficient performance of a company. According to the profitability ratios, the returns for the sharehold ers/investors of BAE systems have reduced heavily, the company’s ROCE has reduced from 11.5% in the year 2008 to 7.3% in the year 2009 and the return for the equity shareholders has also reduced drastically. Such a reduction in the Returns for the shareholders would discourage future potential investors to invest in the company but BAE systems have not practically reduced this return offered to its shareholders in fact the company increased its dividend by 10% to 16 pence per share in the year 2009 as compared to 14.5 pence per share in 2008. The Gross Profit and the Net profit margin also reduced in the year 2009 as compared to prior years, the only strengthening feature for the company is its trend to increase its dividend over the last four to five years (the company’s dividend per share had been 10.3 pence per share in 2005). Liquidity ratios are a measure of ascertaining the day to day running of a company; it is merely a measure of ascertaining a company’s ability to pay off its obligations as they fall due. These obligations are generally the current liabilities and these current liabilities can be met by having appropriate current assets. The current ratio is a measure that analyses a company’s ability to pay off its current liabiliti

Who are you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Who are you - Essay Example He will point out that soul is a non material substance that was hardly be transplanted with the help of a part of brain as the latter does not contain it in the strict meaning of this verb (Elkaisy-Friemuth and Dillon 2). One of the most important assumptions that are made by this kind of thinking is that if a body does, the soul is released free and there is no way to return it. It is understandable that Plato is not able to present any factual evidence to support his claims. That is why it would be logical to treat his position from the point of view of speculation as well as personal interpretation of the facts as Plato primarily refers to different consideration and logical models in order to convince the audience. The second friend who will express his opinion about the situation in question is Aristotle. His main argument will be focused on the idea that soul is closely connected to the body. Therefore, it is possible to influence the former with the help of the latter (Johansen 119). The most important assumption in this case is that if one locates the part of the body where the soul is, it is possible to remove it and place into a different body. Speaking of the factual evidence, Aristotle might suggest that unhealthy body is not able to produce a sound soul. While this evidence is factual, it may be rather difficult to verify as a lot of different abstract notions are taken into consideration. That is why, one would make no mistake while pointing out that the claims that are presented by Aristotle are also may be regarded as speculations. It is quite understandable that it is safe to accept the premises which are expressed by Plato regarding the impossibility of transplanting a soul with the help of a brain as the argument that he makes features sound logic. Of course, some might question several aspects of it such as What if the soul decided to choose a different

President & Congress members and the use of technology Essay

President & Congress members and the use of technology - Essay Example The use of e-mails, websites, blogs, YouTube channels, Twitter and Facebook is evident in many of the congressional members. The above communication forms make it easy for the members to share information readily with individuals from their constituencies (Leu, Kinzer, Coiro, & Cammack, 2004). Apart from the usual traditional forms of communication, members of the Congress can also utilize the various media forms of communication to get in touch with their constituents. An individual can use an e-mail to communicate with their leader who is away from the constituency. Such communication allows for quick and immediate feedback from the lawmakers hence they can connect with their constituencies in no time unlike in the past. The other form of communication the Congress Members use to outreach their constituencies is by use of the social media. Facebook and Twitter are the most known forms of social media that can be used to enhance communication (Golbeck, Grimes, & Rogers, 2010). In the early days, the use of Facebook and Twitter was viewed as only suitable for the young members of the society. Most of the adults and more so those elected to leadership positions saw it as an irrelevant means of communication (Golbeck, Grimes, & Rogers, 2010). The notion has, however, changed in the recent past, and they are the most used means of social communication. At first, the college students used the social means to get in touch with their friends from different universities in the world. Currently, the Congress members use the forms in a professional way to communicate with their constituencies. They can pass valuable information to the people on Facebook or Twitter. For instance, a leader can post telling the members of an important meeting coming soon in their constituency (Bagdikian, 2014). Congress Members also use the social media to share their thoughts on various subjects concerning their constituencies with the members. They can also share

Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in University of East London Essay

Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in University of East London Academic Libraries in Docland Campus - Essay Example The campus must try to perceive the expectations of the customer for the internet services, to provide the best service. East London Academic Libraries in Docland Campus is one of the famous libraries on U K. Various types of services are provided by this university to people who need it. Also, this library has sophisticated, modern outlook. This library consists of almost 1250 internet hubs for the use of the learners. An individual, group or business firm that has direct or indirect share in a business for the reason that it can influence or be influenced by the business actions, aims and rules. Key stakeholders in a trade business consist of creditors, consumers, administrators, workers, government, proprietors, dealers, unions, and the society from which the industry draws its resources. â€Å"Some are in labs, others in resource centres. The uni accommodation is nearly all served by wired connections to the uni network too - be careful to see if the rest is able to have any int ernet connection. You'd think it should, but the comments on the unis website make you wonder... Many of the facilities are accessible 24 hours a day. Others will shut at 9pm and may not be available all day if the room is used as a classroom. Teaching rooms across campus have Concepts and Evaluation of the quality of the customer service of the internet service: Customer satisfaction of consumers of Costco Wholesale Corporation helps to assess how goods offered by the Costco wholesale corporation meet the expectations of the client. This element is required to be properly monitored and translated into a number of assessable parameters. In the modern day, customer satisfaction for business organisations has developed its significance. The customer satisfaction for the services provided by the University of East London Academic Libraries in Docland Campus may decrease if the campus fails to meet the expectations of the customer. Good customer service helps to increase the customer lo yalty towards the products. So that before offering products, the organization can identify the requirement of the consumer regarding the product. The campus of East London is one of the flourishing modern campuses, which is progressively more popular for superiority in both education and study. This university is ranked as the No 1 campus in the United Kingdom. One of the recent campus enlargement plans is the Internet service or Information technology suits. A service blueprint of the University East London Academic Libraries in Docland Campus is a graphical or illustrational demonstration of the procedure engaged in offering a service. The function of the service blueprint is to offer an understanding of the various service procedures to the populace engaged in offering these services. It is also a practical instrument for assessing the efficiency of obtainable service procedures and designing such innovative or superior procedures. â€Å"Computing and multimedia facilities are available for general use, along with specialist subject-specific facilities in our academic schools. Free wi-fi internet access Over 1,500 networked computers providing free email and internet access, software including MS Office, specialist learning and teaching packages, and statistical

Lease vs Buy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lease vs Buy - Research Paper Example The acquisition or lease of the transportation equipment is critical to the nature of the company’s business of bringing its guests to different locations to areas which would further enhance the company’ s delivery of value to its customers. What should the company do? ABC Company plans to acquire transportation equipment or two buses with a five year life and a total cost of $40 million which will transport clients to different areas as a way of adding value to its services. A bank is ready and will to provide a loan for the acquisition. The company can borrow the required $40 million, using a 10 percent loan to be amortized over five years. Therefore the loan will call for payments of $10.4 million per year as can be estimated using a financial calculator. As an alternative, ABC can lease the equipment for five years at a rental charge of $11.2 million per year, payable also at the end of the year. If it is lease, the equipment will not be owned and the risk of loss will belong still to the XYZ Company as lessor. However, ABC Company will be liable pay to annual rental for five years from which tax benefits can also be derived. If it decides to buy the equipment, ABC will be able to save on tax on depreciation for the equipment and maintenance c ost. Since the lessor will own the two buses at the expiration of the lease, the company is somewhat confused on which is the better option. Relying on the comparative figures of $10.4 million payable yearly to the bank to finance acquisition and the rental payments of $11.2 million for yearly payments looks somewhat incomplete to ABC Company without including other factors which can be further quantified. The lease payment schedule is established by XYZ Company the potential lessor with the $11.2 million for five years was given to ABC Company and the latter is at present stage of

Tinnitus And The Psychology Of Hearing Essay Example for Free

Tinnitus And The Psychology Of Hearing Essay â€Å"Tinnitus is the subjective sensation of noise—usually described as ringing, hissing, buzzing, roaring, chirping, or clicking sounds—in the ears that cannot be attributed to any external sound† (Hannan, Sami, Wareing, 2005; Lalwani, Snow, 2005). The American Tinnitus Association (2007) estimates that about 50 million Americans experience tinnitus, with men affected more than women (Lockwood, Salvi, Burkard, 2002). â€Å"Twenty-five percent of these individuals suffer from severe enough tinnitus to prompt medical consultation†. Although a relatively common condition, the mechanisms of tinnitus are as yet poorly understood (Lalwani et al, 2005; Lockwood et al, 2002). â€Å"As discussed by Lockwood and associates (2002), there are currently two schools of thought that offer contradictory explanations as to the origin of tinnitus†. On the one hand are those who forward the hypothesis that tinnitus is mainly due to a cochlear pathology, as evidenced by the high incidence of cochlear damage in individuals with tinnitus. This is countered on the other hand by those who propose a central nervous system origin of tinnitus, as implied by the observation of tinnitus in patients with complete transections of the auditory nerve (Lockwood et al, 2002). The present paper is a review of the physiology of hearing, and an attempt to correlate it with tinnitus. Hearing is a function subserved peripherally by the ears and the auditory nerve (cranial nerve VIII), and centrally by the transverse temporal gyri of the temporal lobe (Willis, 2004). These structures altogether make up the auditory system, which primarily functions in the transduction of sounds emanating from the environment. The peripheral auditory apparatus—that is, the ear—â€Å"acts as the interface between the external environment and the individual†. Sound—actually wave vibrations—enters the external auditory canal and sets the tympanic membrane in motion. This, in turn, moves the ossicles—the maleus, incus and stapes—which causes pressure changes in the fluid-filled inner ear. Clearly, from the external environment to the inner ear, sound is carried as wave vibrations, transmitted initially through solids—cartilage and bone—and later through a fluid media—the perilymph and endolymph. The efficiency of this process—a transfer of energy from air, through solids, then through fluids—is ensured by the tympanic membrane and the ossicles, which act as an impedance-matching device (Lalwani et al, 2005). From the internal ear to the central nervous system, on the other hand, sound is interpreted as gradients of electron charges across membranes. The inner ear—principally the cochlea—is a complex composed of the bony and membranous labyrinths. The bony labyrinth component of the cochlea includes several chambers, namely the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. The scala vestibuli connects with the vestibule and the oval window, whereas the scala tympani connect with the round window. These two chambers merge at the helicotrema, located at the cochlear apex. The membranous labyrinth component of the cochlea is the scala media, which is located between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani. As mentioned previously, the inner ear is a fluid-filled structure. Specifically, the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani are filled with perilymph, which resemble cerebrospinal fluid, while the scala media is filled endolymph, which resembles intracellular fluid (Willis, 2004). Within the cochlea is located the organ of Corti, the neural apparatus responsible for sound transduction, which is composed of several thousand hair cells, the sensory receptors for sound. At the apex of each hair cell are stereocilia, and at the base are nerve fibers that belong to the cochlear division of the eighth cranial nerve. The sound wave transmitted by the middle ear case fluid movements within the bony labyrinth, and part of the hydraulic energy of these fluid movements result in displacement of the organ of Corti. The stereocilia are deformed or bent by the shear forces produced by this relative displacement. The current concept of cochlear transduction is that displacement of the tips of the stereocilia, especially if this displacement is toward the tallest cilium (Willis, 2004), allows potassium to flow into the cell, resulting in its depolarization (Lalwani et al, 2005; Ricci, Kachar, Gale, Van Netten, 2006). The influx of potassium opens calcium channels near the base of the cell, stimulating transmitter release, thought to be glutamate or aspartate (Willis, 2004; Lalwani et al, 2005; Ricci et al, 2006), and firing of the cochlear nerve fibers. This discharge is transmitted to, from peripheral to central, the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei, trapezoid body, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (which gives rise to the auditory radiation), and ends in the auditory cortex located in the transverse temporal gyri of the temporal lobe (Willis, 2004; Lalwani et al, 2005). The end-result of all these is the perception of sound. The subjective perception of sound that is tinnitus could theoretically originate anywhere along the length of the auditory system. However, since the sound heard of individuals suffering from tinnitus is not attributable to any external source, the origin of tinnitus could be limited to the cochlea, specifically the organ of Corti, and the central nervous sytem (Lockwood et al, 2005). Cochlear damage, specifically damage to the hair cells of the organ of Corti, was initially believed to cause tinnitus (Eggermont, 1990; Zenner Ernst, 1993). Although auditory receptor cells have been documented to regenerate and subsequently recover functionally after damage in many vertebrates (Goode, Carey, Fuchs, Rubel, 1999; Stone Rubel, 2000; Zakir Dickman, 2006), spontaneous regeneration of mammalian hair cells does not occur (Zakir et al, 2006). Damage to hair cells, especially through prolonged exposure to supraphysiologic sound levels, may result to transmission of depolarization within the hair cell, and, thus, false perception of sound in the absence of an external source of the same. In contrast to this proposition was the hypothesis forwarded by Lockwood and companions (2002), which attributes tinnitus to central nervous system defects. â€Å"They propose that hearing loss results to reorganization of the pathways in the central auditory system†, which lead to abnormal interactions between auditory and other central pathways, as is seen in neuropathic pain. An example of this phenomenon is gaze-evoked tinnitus, â€Å"where lateral eye movements fail to produce the inhibition of the auditory cortex observed in controls†. It was proposed that the absence of this phenomenon may contribute to the false perception of sounds, that is, tinnitus (Lockwood et al, 2002). It was contended that this explanation accounted for the perception of tinnitus in individuals whose auditory nerves have already been previously transected. Lockwood and associates (2002), citing from Levine (1999), also forwarded the explanation that tinnitus results from a reduction in auditory-nerve input, â€Å"which leads to disinhibition of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and an increase in spontaneous activity in the central auditory system†. This mechanism was proposed to explain tinnitus experienced by normal individuals following exposure to noise, or placement in total silence. REFERENCES American Tinnitus Association (2007). About tinnitus. Retrieved April 3, 2007, from http://www.ata.org/about_tinnitus/consumer/faq.html#1. Eggermont JJ (1990). On the pathophysiology of tinnitus: a review and a peripheral model. Hear Res, 48, 111-24. Goode CT, Carey JP, Fuchs AF, Rubel EW (1999 March). Recovery of the vestibulocolic reflex after aminoglycoside ototoxicity in domestic chickens. J Neurophysiol, 81(3), 1025-35. Hannan SA, Sami F, Wareing MJ (2005, 29 January). 10-minute consultation: tinnitus. BMJ, 330, 237. Lalwani AK, Snow JB (2005). Disorders of smell, taste, and hearing. In DL Kasper, E Braunwald, AS Fauci, SL Hauser, DL Longo, JL Jameson (Eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed.) (pp.176-185). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. Levine RA (1999). Somatic (craniocervical) tinnitus and the dorsal cochlear nucleus hypothesis. Am J Otolaryngol, 20, 351-62. Lockwood AH, Salvi RJ, Burkard RF (2002, 19 September). Current concepts: tinnitus. N Engl J Med, 347(12), 904-910. Radeloff A, Smolders JW (2006, May). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor treatment does not improve functional recovery after hair cell regeneration in the pigeon. Acta Otolaryngol, 126(5), 452-9. Ricci AJ, Kachar B, Gale J, Van Netten SM (2006). Mechano-electrical transduction: new insights into old ideas. J Membr Biol, 209(2-3), 71-88. Smith ME, Coffin AB, Miller DL, Popper AN (2006, November). Anatomical and functional recovery of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) ear following noise exposure. J Exp Biol, 209(Pt 21), 4193-202. Stone JS, Rubel EW (2000, 24 October). Cellular studies of auditory hair cell regeneration in birds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97(22), 11714-21. Willis WD (2004). The special senses. In RM Berne, MN Levy, BM Koeppen, BA Stanton (Eds.), Physiology (5th ed.) (pp. 118-154). Missouri: Mosby. Zakir M, Dickman JD (2006, 15 March). Regeneration of vestibular otolith afferents after ototoxic damage. J Neurosci, 26(11), 2881-93. Zenner HP, Ernst A (1993). Cochlear-motor, transduction and signal-transfer tinnitus: models for three types of cochlear tinnitus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 249, 447-54.

Diversity Among Individuals Essay Example for Free

Diversity Among Individuals Essay Diversity among individuals, as well as cultures, provides a challenge for nurses when it comes to delivering meaningful health promotion and illness prevention-based education. How do teaching principles, varied learning styles (for both the nurse and her patients), and teaching methodologies impact the quality of such education? How does understanding a patients view of health promotion and disease prevention guide you in teaching them? Provide an example. Education is impacted any time that the student (patient) does not understand what is being explained, so it is important for the instructor (nurse) to have multiple teaching styles and methodologies to ensure the information is clear and understood. Speaking with patients, while drawing pictures or diagrams, as well as giving them handouts to take home allows you to cover all but one type of learner. Understanding my patient’s view of health promotion and disease prevention helps guide me to what specific information the patient will need. For example, A 21 year old male who smokes tobacco and has multiple sex partners informs me that he has no desire to quit smoking and refuses you to discuss the matter with me. Attempting to educate this patient on quitting smoking will do harm than good. The patient will be frustrated and possibly angry at me for not respecting his feelings, this could possibly damage our nurse-patient relationship of trust and understanding. In this case I will respect the patient’s right to smoke and spend my time educating him on sexually transmitted diseases and the importance of safe sex. My 21 year old female tobacco smoker informs me that she would like to quit smoking but is having a hard time. In this situation I would speak with her about her difficulties quitting smoking, fears and anxieties. Provide information regarding medications that are available, programs and resources that are designed to help her, and other options like hypnosis and acupuncture. Understanding and being able to incorporate teaching principles, teaching methodologies, and learning styles are all very important in patient education and health promotion but it will do you little good if you do not have the patient’s buy in and willingness to change.

The Terms Of Internal And External Environments Business Essay

The Terms Of Internal And External Environments Business Essay An organisation has both internal and external environment. The external environment includes everything outside the firm that has the potential to affect the organisation. In contrast, the internal environment includes everything inside the firm that will affect the organisation towards success. Corporate culture has considered as the major element for the internal environment and it is very important to competitive advantage. The culture must fit on the demands of the external environment and company strategy to create a high performance organisation. It communicates how people should behave by establishing the values, beliefs, assumptions and norms shared in an organisation and conveyed through actions. Simply stated, corporation culture means the way we do things around here. Hence, corporate culture plays an important role within the organisation to ensure the company success over a long period. (Daft, R.L., 2008) As we know, different organisations develop a different culture that begins with its founder and leaders. People have a question, that is does the corporate culture really make a difference? The answer is definitely yes and especially in a changing world. According to many studies, under certain circumstances companies with strong cultures are more likely to be successful. (Hill McShane, 2008) Strong corporate culture is important for an organisation to achieve strategic goal and adapt to changes in the external environment. This might influence the organisational performance too. (Daft, R.L., 2008) Therefore, managers are the soul of an organisation. They are responsible in shaping and emphasize various cultures that can be fit in to motivate the employees so that the mission of the company are easier to attain. In the 21st century, the market competition becomes stronger. Managers have to face many challenges in managing his or her company. In a changing world, companies have to make changes in order to make profit and attract more customers. Besides, all organisations must interact with todays environment so that it is easier for them to shape their cultures. Not only has that, the managers are now realised that innovative is gradually become the key elements for a successful company. As the 21st century mangers, they have to know how to design an innovative culture and organisation. Managing change and innovation have become the center stage in the business world. What is innovation? Innovation may be defined as exploiting new ideas leading to the creation of a new product, process or service. (Shukla, A., 2009) It is now become a very significant element for an organisation to come out some brand new products or services to satisfy the market and society demand. Today, the new generation has gradually changing the way they manage within the organization and no longer with the traditional management mode. They are now reinforcing innovation in all directions, especially emphasize in the corporate culture and organisation. They will not only simply to create a culture for an organisation but also need to be strong and innovative so that it is more attractive. The leader of an organisation gives a strong and innovative corporate culture to the employees. The common values and beliefs about how to success should be clarify to the organizational members. However, the most important thing is to make sure everyone agree and clear enough with it so that the daily organisational life is well organized and consistent with company goals. To be innovative, organisations must go through many types of changes. Moreover, the company must develop improved production technologies, design new products and services to satisfy the consumers, carry out new admin istrative systems, and upgrade employees skill. (Daft, R.L., 2008) If you want your company to be outstanding, the first thing new managers should know is the company should be special from internal to external. It is the innovation! A company with innovative culture and organisation has create a fresh and interesting work environment, hence, the employee will more likely to be bring out more new ideas. The managers are required to create innovative and suitable ideas in order to implement it, which means the organisation must learnt to be ambidextrous. An ambidextrous approach means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both creative impulse and for the systematic implementation of innovation. (Daft, R.L., 2008) For example, organic organisation that provides decentralised decision authority, flexible structure and greater employee freedom are benefit for the creation and initiation of new ideas. Frankly, most of the 21st century managers are more prefer to implement organic organisation rather than mechanistic organisation in their company. This is because the decentralisation achieves innovative thinking, teamwork and cooperation. In addition, the moving of a company will become fast and top management can focus on strategic plan. This is better for this century, which allows the employees from top to bottom level to participate in the meeting and bring out new ideas for the company to make products innovative. When people are able to share and then create a new strategic and life for the company, it makes the possibilities to create innovative culture in our organisation. Wherefore they say, today the companies have relied on product innovation to drive their business. In the other hand, to invent innovative products need coorperation among the members within an organisation. For instances, companies as Hewlett Packard, Samsung, and Dow have come out with a strategic that is invest in training programs to help spread innovation expertise throughout the  enterprise. This practice training may help in develop their internal organizations innovation capabilities too. (James, T., 2007) Furthermore, to overcome the challenges related to creating an innovative culture and organisation, open innovation has become the new project management of the 21st century. To identify the external source of innovation requires a creative organisation with the right culture, processes and tools to make it happen. For example, Cheryl Perkins is president and founder of innovationedge. She has over 23 years experience directing growth and innovation. She provided leadership to global teams, and oversaw the development of new strategic business opportunities that delivered competitive advantage across key business platforms in mature and emerging market while holding the position of chief innovative officer for Kimberly-Clark corperation. (Open innovation track, 2007) Another example is Google. By using an open innovation approach, Google issued a call for anyone to develop new software applications for its open-platform Android. The companys Developer Challenge will award a total of $10 million for the best new application. (Daft, R.L., 2008) Again, innovation is critical for companies that want to remain competitive in the long term. Although many companies realise its importance, it can be difficult to identify the sources of innovation and create an innovative culture. Hence, a good foundation is to build a culture in which every employee and not just the product development team but should be proactively develops ideas. Remember culture not easy to change and it usually take time, so today manager have to be patience to let those organizational members socialize in a new culture. However, some stages can be progress. The managers can work through these stages by build innovative teams, set up an innovative community, introduce innovation from top to bottom level throughout the company and involve partners innovation. (BNET Editorial, 2007) The stages are useful so that the employees are clear with it and can participate in decision-making. More fresh ideas will pop up while many different people involves in it. Now there are many companies has successfully driving innovation. Let take Procter Gamble Company (PG) as an example. Consider the case of Procter Gamble Company. Since A.G. Lafley became chief executive officer in 2000, the leaders of PG have worked hard to make innovation part of the daily routine and to establish an innovation culture. Lafley and his team preserved the essential part of PGs research and development capability world-class technologists who are masters of the core technologies critical to the household and personal-care businesses while also bringing more PG employees outside RD into the innovation game. They sought to create an enterprise-wide social system that would harness the skills and insights of people throughout the company and give them one common focus: the consumer. Without that kind of culture of innovation, a strategy of sustainable organic growth is far more difficult to achieve. They form several ways to achieve an innovative culture and organisation. The Consumer Is Boss   Procter Gamble is known for its highly capable and motivated workforce. However, in the early 2000s, our people were not oriented to any common strategic purpose. We had a corporate mission to meaningfully improve the everyday lives of the customers we served. If 15 seconds with a deodorant or two minutes with a disposable diaper have made a small part of your life a little bit better, then we have made a difference. Integrating Innovation we are constantly innovating how we innovate. We keep refining our product-launch model from idea to prototype, to development, to qualification, to commercialization. PG had not treated innovation as scalable in the past. We had always invested a great deal in research and development. When I became CEO, we had about 8,000 RD people and roughly 4,000 engineers, all working on innovation. However, we had not integrated these innovation programs with our business strategy, planning, or budgeting process well enough. At least 85 percent of the people in our organization thought they  were not  working on innovation. We had to redefine our social system to get everybody into the innovation game. The Talent Component PG used to recruit for values, brains, accomplishment, and leadership. We still look for these qualities, but we also look for agility and flexibility. We believe the soft skills of emotional intelligence fundamental social skills such as self-awareness, self-fulfillment, and empathy are needed to complement the traditional IQ skills.  Some people at Procter Gamble have struggled with this new approach, but most of our best people have done really well with it. Curiosity, collaboration, and connectedness are easy to talk about but difficult to develop in practice. We have tried to carefully identify and ease out people who are controlling or insecure, who dont want to share, open up, or learn who are not curious. And in the process, we have discovered that most of our people are naturally collaborative. We also try to develop people by giving them new stimulation and greater challenges. As they move through their careers, we deliberately increase the complexity of their assignm ents. That might mean entering a market that is not developed yet or a market with a competitor already firmly established. Whatever the challenge, it stretches them. (Lafley, A.G., 2008) Corporate culture can include symbols, stories, heroes, slogans, and ceremonies. It should be aligned with organizational strategy and the needs of the external environment to produce a effective organisation. From the case above, PG Company has created a social system that focused on the customers. They had a corporate mission to improve the daily lives of the customers they served. Hence, they expand their mission by create a slogan called The consumer is boss. They know one of the factor external environments that affect the corporate culture is the customers. They put their customers in the first position not just to value the people who make transaction with them, but gain the feedback from them. By listening to them, which mean to get feedbacks are important for them to improve their services and products. Therefore, as a new manager, he or she should be open-minded and willing to listen to the people and make changes. Sometimes customers can be part of the innovative team. By analyzing their feedbacks, it might have the possibilities for innovative team members within an organisation to arouse new ideas. The slogan has created to expresses the key corporate culture value that encourages the people to follow. Hence, managers must pay attention to the culture that may help the organizational performance. This company also integrating innovation by keep making better of their products. In order to bring everybody into innovation the game, the new president of the company expected all PG employees to understand the role they play in innovation. Their innovation practices are designed for enter into learning, across all their functions, product categories, and geographic locations. Once people understand a particular process, they can be easier to manage a strategic and innovative organisation. Moreover, he set up the social system to support it and to see much more idea that is new. They set business strategic that strongly connected to innovation so that they can survive in today competitive market. They open to ideas from more regions than in past because it helps to generate more ideas that can highly fulfill the needs of consumers. As a 21st century manager, they have to make sure people who work under their company are able to communicate and cooperate across organisational bounda ries. This is because a well-organised team, cross-functional nature of teams and clear team accountability are the main factor for a successful team innovation. Moreover, communication within an organisation is important for them to make commitment on the same direction whereas the company going to focus on. In addition, the PG also reinforce on the talent of component. A company wants to be successfully achieving a culture of innovation; the prerequisite is to make sure the entire organisation is unite. They had ease out the people who do not want to share, open up or learn and they found out most of their people are collaborative. They also give new stimulation and greater challenge to develop people.  In developing fresh meat like a younger manager or younger employee, they are more open to fresh and innovative thinking. They must have the guts to face any challenge in today strong competitive business world. Once people have succeeded at innovation, the energy in the company will change. It shows that as a new manger, he or she should use an innovative way to build an effective culture within the organisation. The organisation must share the common company goals to make sure they work towards the same direction while attain it. Besides, leaders are the one who encourage people to e xperiment and take risks to allow the new, special and unique ideas flowing in your organisation. (Lafley, A.G., 2008) In this century, the rapid development of science and technology has strong competitive ability. As a 21st century manager, he or she has the responsibility to nurture and sustain an innovation spirit and energy in the company where ideas are celebrated. We can conclude that a new manager has to clarify their companys vision and direction, create an environment of open communication, creative thinking and cohesive team. Moreover, they need to be patience, open-minded, acceptance of mistakes, encouragement of risk taking and make constant improvement. They are the role model for the people inside the organisation and able to motivate the team members to reach the expectations. Not only that, today manager needs fresh thinking to design a new approach for their company to suit them into an innovative world. This is important for them to design an innovative culture and organisation that motivate the people in creating new products and services to meet the customer demand. Thus, remain most of the old managing skills, thinking, services and production are no longer qualify in this century. Practice an innovative thinking in manages a corporate culture and organisation is effective today. Those responsibilities as stated above are essential for a 21st century manager to avoid the company eliminated from high competitive market and to overcome the challenges that they faced.

Analyzing Eyre and Copperfield Essay -- Literary Analysis

In the novels Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens, the protagonists are retrospectively looking back on their lives and illustrating tribulations they endured regarding familial, social, and romantic relationships. At the end of both novels, the central characters find harmony in idealistic partners. Ultimately, both novels demonstrate the necessity of eminent relationships, the impingement of negative relationships, and the experiences that led both protagonists to recognize the difference between which relationships were hindering and which were constructive. The Bildungsroman genre entails a character’s formative years and his or her development from childhood. The characters from this type of novel recall, in detail, past relationships and experiences that impacted the characters growth, maturity, and exemplar for their relationships with other characters. An important component to Bildungsroman novels is the concentration on the characters childhood (Gottfried & Miles, 122). In Jane Eyre and David Copperfield, both characters childhoods were despondent. Both characters experience the loss of a parent: Jane is a literal orphan; David’s loss is metaphorical, then literal. When Jane Eyre begins, Jane has already lost both parents and is under the guardianship of her aunt, Sarah Reed. Reed and her children, Jane’s cousins, are abusive to Jane and never accept Jane as family. Jane has lost both parents and with the death of her uncle, Sarah’s husband and an advocate for Jane, Jane is without any caring re lationship. In addition to being without affection, Jane must endure torment. It is this lack of adoration that leads Jane to seek acceptance throughout her life, while attempting t... ...ight is present as the main character retells their life story, but is capable of exhibiting the naivety and inexperience that the character possessed at specific stations throughout their life. Works Cited The Undisciplined Heart of David Copperfield Gwendolyn B. Needham Nineteenth-Century Fiction , Vol. 9, No. 2 (Sep., 1954), pp. 81-107 Published by: University of California Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3044322 Defining Bildungsroman as a Genre Marianne Hirsch Gottfried and David H. Miles PMLA , Vol. 91, No. 1 (Jan., 1976), pp. 122-123 Published by: Modern Language Association Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/461404 Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Charleston: Forgotten Books, 2008. Print. Burstyn, Joan. Victorian Education and the Ideal of Womanhood. Hatfield, UK: Routledge, 1980. 138-40. Print.

Got Zinc? :: Essays Papers

Got Zinc? According to recent statistics, zinc is the third most commonly used nonferrous metal in the United States. This unassuming metal was among the first minerals exploited by Man, used as a decorative material for thousands of years, although it never achieved the fame and notoriety of other metals such as gold or silver. In more recent times, new extraction and processing methods have allowed Man to produce higher-quality zinc than ever before, and to use it in an astonishingly high number of chemical and high-tech applications. The term â€Å"zinc† was not in use until the 16th century, at the earliest. The ancient Greeks called it â€Å"pseudargyras,† meaning â€Å"false silver,† and made very little use of it (Mathewson 1). The unassuming bluish-gray mineral was given a warmer welcome by the Romans, who were already using it to make brass by â€Å"about the time of Augustus, 20BC to 14AD†; the Romans used, not purified zinc, but the mineral calamine (â€Å"zincky wall accretions† from caves) and fused them in a crucible with bits of copper to make their brass (Mathewson 1). Around the world, zinc was being exploited by the Chinese civilization as well, although documentation of Asian use of zinc does not come until the 7th century of AD, from Kazwiui, the â€Å"Pliny of the Orient.† Kazwiui, â€Å"who died in 630AD, stated that the Chinese knew how to render the metal malleable and used it to make small coins and mirrors† (Mathewson 2). The discovery and us e of zinc, then, was widespread in ancient times and through the Middle Ages. However, it seems that it had not yet been used for anything much more practical than a mirror, a fact that would very quickly change in the 18th and 19th centuries as higher-grade zinc became available and new applications presented themselves. One of the most common applications of zinc in its early days was as a component in roofing. A report was presented to the Institute of British Architects in 1860 that revealed â€Å"that nearly every roof laid in Paris during the previous fifteen years had been covered in zinc, and this included famous buildings such as the Louvre and the Hotel de Ville† (Porter 73). The report was presented because British architects feared that they would lose technological pace with architects from the European mainland if they did not learn to take advantage of this valuable resource, which became increasingly fashionable.

Philosophy of Healthcare Essay

This paper analyzes seven view points on the topic of Philosophy of Healthcare. The seven view points are blended into this paper by discussing what factors highly influenced my decision to choose healthcare as my set profession in life. Also discussing the Nature of Mankind, stating a few qualities that are highly important in our society and give examples of how it is used in our everyday life. This paper will further discuss the Brokenness of Mankind and what I believe are my most important qualities that I will be able to bring into the medical field. Discuss different ways how handle conflict and stress that can someday lead to â€Å"burnout† in healthcare. Along the topic of talking about the Brokenness of Mankind, I will debate if there is a difference between healing and curing. Last, I will altercate the Value of Mankind and in what ways this could be appropriate for faith to play a part in giving care in healthcare. Keywords: none. Philosophy of Healthcare Final Project Seven Points of Philosophy of Healthcare Back when I was a young child in elementary school, my first grade teacher asked me and all my other classmates, â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?! One girl said a private eye investigator; a boy who played on the peewee football team for our city said he wanted to be the quarterback of any NFL team. When it was finally my turn to say what I wish to do for the rest of my life, I said I wanted to be a professional ice skater! I came to realize six years later that that was never going to be my reality and I had to think about what really would interest me. One good quality everyone said I obtained was caring for others and how I always am the first to aid someone in need. I spent most of my time in the hospital visiting my grandmother and I always thought it was amazing to see the doctors rush to a patient or watch the nurses do their rounds. I told my mother I wanted to work in the hospital as a volunteer and she said I should so I did and I fell even more in love. Seeing all of the things going on in the hospital influenced me to really pursue this profession. What also influenced me was seeing how my pediatrician cared for other kids and was always taking good care of not only myself, but others as well. In this profession people need to possess very important virtues. Some of my personal virtues are dedication, caring, and also integrity. I believe that being dedicated is a cogent virtue to have in general, but specifically as a healthcare professional. While working in the medical field you have to give time and effort to your patients and show them that you care as well. Caring would have to be another virtue that I portray and that is also very good to have. For example, if you have a patient that has been there for a long period of time, you have to show them that you care and put yourself in their position. Philosophy of Healthcare Final Project You have to show that you care, because if you don’t things will only be negative and later on will become complicated and stressful. Integrity is a very strong virtue that anyone can have because it shows that you can be trusted and that you are a very honest person. Nowadays, they have a system called HIPAA, which is used in hospitals nationwide. HIPAA is used for patient confidentiality and is an agreement that you will not discuss why a patient in there in the hospital and what is wrong with them with anyone else. This is why I believe everyone needs to have integrity. Discussion There is a plethora of ways that my top three virtues could be demonstrated. To start off, we will talk about dedication. Dedication can be shown in the medical field by setting aside time to get certain tasks done by a specific time or day. For example, if a nurse has to clean up after a patient, they have to set aside time to aid them and also be dedicated to doing it, along with that, they have to care for the patient while doing this specific task. Caring is another one of my top virtues. Caring is shown in many ways in this specific field. For example, caring for a patient while they are in the hospitality suite is extremely nice. When I did my volunteer service back in Orlando Regional Medical Center, I spent most of my time in the hospitality suite making sure every patient waiting to return home was doing okay and assisting them get into their cars and giving them anything while they waited patiently to leave. Also, integrity is highly demonstrated in healthcare. As I have stated earlier in this paper, HIPAA is a very good example of how integrity can be shown in healthcare. Philosophy of Healthcare In addition, what I believe would be my important qualities that I can bring to healthcare as a professional would have to be my ability to be loyal and true to everyone including my co-workers, the patients, and of course myself. To me, loyalty and being trustworthy are the biggest qualities that anyone can pertain in life because without it, no one can depend on you to accomplish things or to confine things either. Today in the field of healthcare, there are many cases that are conflicting and stressful. Many people try to climb their way out of this by doing numerous of strategies to get themselves out. The best thing to do is to focus on the positive and try to think of ways to make things better. Do not try to blame others for wrong doings and try not to say the first things that comes to mind in a bad situation because that only makes things worse. â€Å"In the hospital or any medical setting, you will be faced with problems and challenges almost every day. † (www. zinearticles. com). Also, building a strong communication with your colleagues can become a great advantage and can cause less burnout in the field. â€Å"Another important way to combat stress is to sharpen one’s communication skills. † (www. fdu. edu). everything nowadays is communicated via e-mail, pager, text, or even social networks to try and get into contact with one another. If you have to talk to someone about a problem, simply approach them and talk face to face and not try to chase down a text or e-mail to have proof of something you said. Discussion Many people say that there is an antithesis between healing and curing. In my opinion I believe that they are both different. â€Å"Healing is a natural process and is within the power of everyone. Curing, which is what doctors are called upon to do, usually consists of an Philosophy of Healthcare Final Project external treatment; medication or surgery is used to mask or eliminate symptoms. † (www. beliefnet. com). Healing is done by our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. It takes time for this to happen and it takes a lot of faith to make it possible. On the otherhand, you can show up to a physician’s office or the hospital and say â€Å"Take the pain away! † and it will be gone within the hour thanks to technology today. With healing, you need to have a very positive mind set and pray to our Father in heaven to cure us with his tender loving care, instead of depending on society to cure us. â€Å"The first step is having the intention to heal, to come back into balance. † (www. stepsonthepath. com).

PLDT telecommunication Essay

INTRODUCTION PLDT is the leader in providing telecommunication services in the country. The company’s business can be divided into three main business areas: fixed line, wireless, and information and communication technology. PLDT is the leading telecommunications service provider in the Philippines. Through its three principal business groups-wireless, fixed line, and information and communications technology-PLDT offers the largest and most diversified range of telecommunications services across The Philippines’ most extensive fibber optic backbone and wireless, fixed line and satellite networks. PLDT is listed on the Philippines Stock Exchange (PSE: TEL) and its American Depositary Shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE:PHI) and the Pacific Exchange. PLDT has one of the largest market capitalizations among the Philippine listed companies. The fixed line business provides local calls, national and international long distance services, which operates around 2.1 million access lines. The wireless†¦Food Procurement INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Mang Inasal Chicken BBQ is the Philippine’s fastest growing barbeque fast food chain, serving chicken, pork barbeque and other Filipino favorites, was first established on December 12, 2003 in Iloilo City. Currently, there were 445 branches nationwide and†¦ Mang Inasal How can Mang Inasal sustain its success? Your column on Mang Inasal?s success secret is still the continuing topic of our group?s conversations. We?re a foursome of Asian Institute of Management (AIM) Master in Entrepreneurship (ME) graduates and you taught our batch. There?s one question raised†¦ Mang Inasal Apart from the usual food presentations of multinational food company copycats, Mang Inasal endeavors to adhere to elements that bear a distinctively Pinoy stamp-grilling with charcoal, rice wrapped in banana leaves, a marinade concocted out of local spices and herbs, bamboo sticks for skewers, and the ambiance that†¦ Inventory System Proposed Inventory System In Mang Inasal Food Corporation (Calapan City) System Analysis and Design Presentation of Bachelor of Science in Information System In City College of Calapan System Analysis and Design (IS8) requirement For the Bachelor of Science in Information System Presented†¦ None enterprise. Let Mang Inasal Philippines win your heart in the franchise business as it captured the taste of the Manileos. Chicken Inasal business boomed several years ago due to its distinct and flavorful taste that passed the discriminating choices of the Filipino diners. Chicken Inasal is not just an†¦ Copy 5 Investment Pays Off†¦6 VOL. 1 NO. 1 SEPTEMBER 2010 TRUE to its quest of being the foremost Quick Service Restaurant in the Philippines, Mang Inasal Philippines Inc. is set to open its 300th store by October 2010. â€Å"Most of our expansion now will be in the provinces since we are all over most of†¦ mang inasal Contents1 Introduction to Mang Inasal3 A. Company Profile3 B. Market Profile4 C. Value Chain Analysis6 Franchising and Store Operations6 Marketing7 Logistics7 Sourcing8 Franchising and Expansion8 Profile of Target Country, Malaysia9 A. STEP Analysis9 Socio Cultural9 Socio Cultural†¦ Thesis-Customer Service scrambling for business. In Bià ±an, Philippines, particularly at Mang Inasal, the work performance of the sales manager are of great concern about the significance of having good customer service. On December 30, 2003, Mang Inasal was born out of the vision of Mr. Edgar Sia II. From its humble†¦ Jollibee Food Corporation Strategic Management MBA 2 Assignment in Strategic Management Business Analysis (Jollibee Food Corporation) Jeff C. Balanag 15/6/2012 1 Table of Contents Introduction Company Description Jollibee History and Milestone Jollibee Food Corporation Ownership The Use of School of Strategy Culture School Values, Mission†¦ Inasal PROFILE MANG INASAL – Philippine’s fastest growing barbeque fast food chain, serving chicken, pork barbeque and other Filipino favorites, was first established on December12,2003 in Iloilo City. Currently, there are 445 branches nationwide and with over 10,000 employees system wide. MANG INASAL is doing†¦ Opman Case Study Iris Stephanie TanMay 5, 2011 POM102 JTA-ASir Allan Ko Business Case Study Analysis Rags2Riches Reese Fernandez’s Rags2Riches offers us not only a relatively new kind of bag product but also a way to participate in helping boost our country’s economy. Their company succeeded the challenge†¦ Mang Inasal Research paper Company Name : Mang Inasal Company Profile : MANG INASAL PHILIPPINES INC. COMPANY PROFILE MANG INASAL – Philippine’s fastest growing barbeque fast food chain, serving chicken, pork barbeque and other Filipino favorites, was first established on December12,2003 in Iloilo City. Currently, there are†¦ Mang Inasal Study San Sebastian College Recoletos de Cavite College of Engineering RISK MANAGEMENT QUIZ 2 MANG INASAL Introduction: A restaurant is an establishment that serves prepared food and beverages ontables set for individuals, pairs or larger groups, to be consumed primarily on thepremises. Restaurants†¦ The Manginasal â€Å"Marketing Framework of Mang Inasal Food Corporation: Basis for Proposed Filipino Themed Food Business Program† A Research paper Presented to the Faculty of the College of Business Management and Accountancy Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina In Partial Fulfillment†¦ mang inasal MANG-INASAL INTRODUCTION Mang Inasal Philippines is the Philippine’s fastest growing barbeque fast food chain, serving chicken, pork barbeque and other Filipino favorites, was first established on December12,2003 in Iloilo City. It operates quick service. It specializes in chicken inasal an various†¦ Tqm Final Profile MANG INASAL – Philippine’s fastest growing barbeque fast food chain, serving chicken, pork barbeque and other Filipino favorites, was first established on December 12, 2003 in Iloilo City. Currently, there are 306 branches nationwide and with over 8,000 employees system wide. MANG INASAL is doing†¦ Feasibility Study: Mang Inasal model of Mang Inasal. In the new business of franchising, it is critical to develop evaluation, documentation, training, mentoring and consulting skills, all within an ongoing, long term franchise relationship. The study will conduct analysis of opportunities and trends in franchising Mang Inasal to be†¦ Mang Inasal Research Paper MANG INASAL- â€Å"MR. BARBECUE† I.INTRODUCTION A.COMPANY PROFILE Edgar â€Å"Injap† Sia II is the man behind Mang Inasal, one of the fastest growing food companies in the Philippines, which has become a modern icon of the Ilonggo culinary culture. His parents gave his the nickname Injap because Sia is originally†¦ Mang Inasal MANG INASAL PHILIPPINES INC. COMPANY PROFILE MANG INASAL – Philippine’s fastest growing barbeque fast food chain, serving chicken, pork barbeque and other Filipino favorites, was first established on December12,2003 in Iloilo City. Currently, there are 445 branches nationwide and with over 10†¦ term paper to put up many branches or chains in different parts of the country. This leads to birth of fast food chains, by which Jollibee, McDonalds, KFC, Mang Inasal, Chowking, and WOK Express and Greenwich are few examples. People prefer to go into fast food chains not just because of their food preference but†¦

Characteristics of a White Collar Criminal Essay

Anyone that has taken a class or even worked a â€Å"hint† of a white collar crimes understands that Edwin H. Sutherland is responsible for coining the term. In his book, White Collar Crime, Sutherland defines white collar crime as â€Å"[a]pproximately as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.† (Benson & Simpson, 2009 ) While that definition may have held true in when he made the public definition in 1939, there are many examples in modern times that would argue against Dr. Sutherland’s characterization of the white collar criminal. In her paper to the U.S. Justice Department, Cynthia Barnett explains that even though the definition of white collar crime is , â€Å"hotly contested†, there appears to be three major categories white collar crime fits into. Those crimes are categorized by either the type of offender, the type of offense and those based upon organizational structure rather than offender or offense (Barnett, 2000). Barnett’s statement alone should tell us that the characteristics of a white collar criminal may be far too long of a list to generate. According to Barnett, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has decided to define white collar crime as â€Å"[t]hose illegal acts which are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust and which are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical force or violence. Individuals and organizations commit these acts to obtain money, property, or services; to avoid the payment or loss of money or services; or to secure personal or business advantage† (Barnett, 2000). With a slight understanding of what white collar crime is, it is important  to highlight the characteristics of the typical white collar offender in order to establish profile when conducting an investigation. Reverting to what we have learned in previous psychology classes, we know that there are dozens of traits in an individual’s personality. It is virtually impossible to narrow down exactly which one(s) produce fraudulent behavior. Obviously, there are red flags that stick out for every behavior trait. It is important for business executives to be able to recognize or have trained personnel who can recognize these traits and develop appropriate risk management plans. According to Bauwens and Egan, there are five personality traits that are common between most individuals. Rather than define them all, it is most important to note that people who possess all five traits are what many would consider as â€Å"normal†. Those who exhibit more conscientiousness and agreeableness have the most direct influence on whether executives will or will not participate in fraudulent activity (Bauwens & Egan). According to our text, there are other characteristics that the â€Å"common† white collar offender may exhibit. White collar offenders tend to be, on average, sum 10 years older than non-violent offenders who commit common crimes (Benson & Simpson, 2009). While there are probably many theories why this may be, one could conclude that business executives may spend many years working their way up the corporate ladder and into a position opportunity. Another characteristic Benson and Simpson note is that many white collar offenders are college graduates. Again, many theories are possible; it can be assumed that a higher level of education must be achieved in order to move into a position of opportunity. Finally, it is important to consider the rate of employment between white collar offenders and offenders of non-violent, common crimes. In order to commit many of the offenses that are considered white collar, the offender must be employed by or have an extremely close relationship of trust with the victim organization. Therefore, steady employment is a necessity in order for the white collar offender to be successful. For many of the non-violent common offenders, their crimes are their employment. It can be  said that when a common criminal wakes up each day and begins committing their crimes, they are actually going to work. References Barnett, C. U.S. Department of Justice, Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division. (2000). The measurement of white-collar crime using uniform crime reporting (ucr) data. Retrieved December 8, 2013, from website: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/nibrs/nibrs_wcc.pdf Bauwens, A., & Egan, V. (n.d.). Are white-collar criminals a homogeneous or hetrogeneous group?. Home Team Journal, 91-101. Retrieved December 8, 2013, from http://www.academia.edu/832919/Personality_and_white-collar_criminals Benson, M., & Simpson, S. (2009). White-collar crime. (pp. 5-32). New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.

Middle School vs. High School Essay

One, the closing of one’s grade school years, and the other, a gateway to young adulthood. Middle school and High school, two very important times of a young person’s life, share some similarities and many differences. Middle school, just like its title explains, is the time when students are stuck in the middle of childhood and young adulthood. People start to mature from earlier elementary years, and try to find out who they are. While in the process of trying to fit in, new friend groups are shaped and instead of being one big group of people, circles form and groups are segregated. In addition to more classmates and teachers, responsibilities increase as students take on the load of multiple classes, and now receive grades for their work. Teachers expect them to participate actively in class, and complete their assignments on time. Although it only lasts 3 years, middle school is the critical transitional period when new teachers, new classmates, more classes, and more work are introduced all to prepare you for high school. After 8th grade, people leave the middle school bubble, and advance to the jungle of high school. Not only is the campus physically larger, but class sizes increase, and great expectations come along with it. Although middle school may have seemed like a challenge, high school comes with once again more work and more responsibilities. For students, high school is a sink or swim moment, and some struggle to stay afloat. Some may have trouble focusing in school, but the ideal student is completing their homework on time, studying for their exams, attending practice for their extracurricular activities, and achieving a respectable grade point average, that will all pay off and get them into their dream college. Not only is the work different between the two environments, but so is the amount of freedom students get. In middle school, kids are restrained to a certain curriculum. The schedule they get, is the schedule they get, and nothing is changing. Part of their schedule, lunch, is also a time that is also very different in middle school. All students are required to eat lunch in the same room at the same time, and lunches include a choice between mystery meat, or last week’s hot dogs disguised as soup. Contrary to middle school, in high school, students are granted much more freedom. Students can choose which classes they will take, what teachers they have, what groups or clubs they will participate in, what sports they will play, and much more. Not only can students choose all of their activities, but students also have many options for what they want to eat. High schools often carry popular foods such as subway, burgers, and French fries, and healthy foods such as fruit, and salads. Just in case the school food is not good enough, many high schools often allow upperclassman to leave for lunch to enjoy a meal in their own home, or food from another restaurant. Overall, high school and middle school are both made to prepare students for higher education, but are very different in many aspects. As we all grow older, we can see how we have changed from middle school to high school, and can see the many distinctions between the two.

300 Movie

The film I chose to evaluate is the fantasy action film, â€Å"300. † 300 is a fictional retelling of the Battle of Thermopylae, in which the Greeks tried to hold off an invasion of the Persian Empire. The author’s message, from a leadership perspective, shows what a group of soldier would do for their king and how they inspire a country. A number of scenes from the film will depict that King Leonidas is a great leader with great conviction for what he believes in. Leonidas has many great leadership traits. Leonidas has all the traits a good leader needs. He has intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability. Even though Leonidas has assigned leadership, he also has emergent leadership. He is appointed king only after he has been tested by the rigorous traditional Spartan initiations into adulthood. After being inspected at birth to see if he was worthy of being a Sparta, Leonidas was thrown into the wild at the age of 7 and left to survive. Leonidas came back alive to prove to his father, and his people that he is capable to be their king. As king, Leonidas command legitimate, coercive, and reward power like his counterpart, Xerxes of Persia. But Leonidas also has referent power that Xerxes does not. Leonidas’ soldiers liked him and would die for him. Xerces’ army was made up of slaves and beasts that fear for their lives. They are forced to fight, and when they fail, Xerxes becomes enraged and beheads them. Leonidas’ leadership style is both directive and supportive. He gave specific instructions on how to battle against the overwhelming Persian Army and he also engages in combat with his army. After a victory he praises his soldier for their bravery and courage. He respects and acknowledges each soldier’s effort in the battles. Leonidas has high task and high relationship behavior with his army. Leonidas faced many challenges throughout the movie. One example was in the beginning, when the Persian messenger came to Leonidas and gave him Xerxes’ ultimatum. He had a difficult decision to make. His decision would impact the whole nation. Should he give in to the Persian army or should he declare war? As he ponders his answer, he looked at his people, their children, and his wife. He thought about his Spartan heritage and values. Spartans don’t surrender or fear anything. Acting according to authentic leadership defined, he lead by kicking the Persian messenger into the well. His actions show his people that he would not let anyone invade the empire, no matter the opposition. He showed them that his leadership is genuine and he would not coward even if he is greatly outmatched. Leonidas is a perfect leader for the situations in the film. In battle, a leader must have authoritative powers. He must have loyalty and attraction of his soldiers. He must also have highly structured strategic plans for his soldiers. The phalanx formation the Spartans use requires the soldiers to fight as one to be strong. The contingency theory of leadership would define Leonidas as being in a very favorable situation. In a favorable situation, the leader and followers will be effective. As seen through most of the film, Leonidas and his soldiers were victorious in all their battles until they were out flanked by the Persians at the end. Leonidas has good dyadic relationships with his men. He and his Captain, Artemis fought alongside each other when they were young. He also develops mutual trust and respect from Artemis and his soldiers, how could he of convince the 300 men to fight the whole Persian army. He knows that each man is a soldier and that they have heirs at home. They are also proud to fight alongside Leonidas. He doesn’t enlist them and take them to war. It is evident when he met up with the Arcadians. When the Arcadian General, Daxos ridicule Leonidas about how few men he brought to the war front, Leonidas asked three Arcadians for their profession. They responded with Potter, Sculptor, and Blacksmith. Leonidas then turns to his soldiers and asked them. They responded with supporting and confident grunts of courage for their leader. According to the Leader-Member Exchange Theory, leadership is a process that is centered on interactions between the leader and his followers. By having high-quality leader-member exchanges with his men, Leonidas is able to have positive performances and commitment from his men and be victorious in the battles. Leonidas was also able to lead through transformational leadership. Transformational leadership brings about positive change to the leader and to those who follow. Leonidas headed into an unfavorable war courageously so that his people may remain free. After multiple attacks on the Spartans had fail, Xerxes call for an audience with Leonidas. He offered Leonidas royalties if he put down his arms and be Xerxes’ general. But Leonidas thought of his people and his kingdom. His people would have to serve the Persians and if he surrendered, how could he answer to his ancestors. By surrendering he would not be a true Spartan. Leonidas kept his honor and brushed off Xerxes. He thought about his followers before himself. By doing this, even in death Leonidas was able to inspire and stimulate the Greek country to collaborate and fend off the Persian Invasion. In conclusion, Leonidas is a good leader as depicted in the film. He has a broad range of leadership skills and traits, but I believe Leonidas is best at leading with transformational leadership. His charisma strongly warrants him to lead through transformational leadership and given the situations of the film, Leonidas is best to use transformational leadership. Also, the message the film entitles is that one great man or nation can inspire a whole country to stand as one and unite towards a common goal.

Civil war and the abolition of slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Civil war and the abolition of slavery - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that from 1565-1568, Spanish conquerors established a settlement in Florida wherein 500 slaves were introduced. After that, a flock of African slaves was brought by Dutch explorers in Jamestown, Virginia in the form of â€Å"indentured servitude,† and this group was the first permanent forced and involuntary servants in the New World. Northerners had a different view towards slavery because first and foremost, the North was an industrial territory while the South had a vast acre of agricultural plantations. Therefore, the Southerners took advantage of the presence of African slaves because of their massive labor force while the Northerners felt threatened that these slaves would soon take away their industrial jobs away from them since they worked for free. Both the abolition and pro-slavery sentiments were growing during the late 17th century. The abolition of slavery sentiment was fought by the Northerners, and later on, was grante d in 1804. Moreover, the federal government also encouraged the Southerners to end up slavery in order to achieve a balance between slave states and Free states. There was already the establishment of political balance in the United States, but the proposition of Democratic senator Stephen Douglas to allow territories between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains to choose whether or not to give permission to slavery. According to Arnold, this event led to the Civil War because it destroyed the said balance.

The Lego Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Lego Company - Case Study Example The Lego Company was founded by Ole Kirk Christiansen in 1932. The firm has a wide range of product lines including video games, board games, education items, Lego mindstorms, pre-school products, bricks, and play themes. In addition, Lego group offers numerous community-based and other services for the benefit of children, particularly disadvantaged children. In the United States, the organization mainly focuses on Lego Imagination Centers, which are large stores that contain displays of Lego sculptures and a bricks play area; and as of 2002 data, the Lego Group operates 68 stores (including stores soon to be operated) in the North America (Lego stores, n. d.). Lego uses strategic risk management approach to drive its growth; and its strategic planning model has assisted the company to be successful throughout its corporate history. Mission Statement & Vision Statement The firm’s mission and vision values greatly benefit the organization in achieving its desired and end state . Lego’s mission statement is to â€Å"inspire and develop the builders of tomorrow†, and its vision statement is â€Å"inventing the future play† (A Case Study of the Lego Group, n. d.). ... Since these values contribute to Lego’s market reputation, the firm may easily achieve its desired and end state. Internal Analysis & External Analysis Evidently, Lego has a range of competitive internal strengths such as global presence, long market experience, a globally recognized brand, famous Lego bricks, and numerous popular video games to accomplish its goals and objectives set in their previous strategic plans. Market trends indicate that demand for colorful bricks is likely to remain stable over the next decades. In addition, emerging markets like Brazil, India, and China would contribute to the Lego’s efforts for meeting its strategic goals. Finally, the steadily growing toy industry would also improve Lego’s ability to respond to various internal and external challenges quickly and effectively. Long Term Objectives Brand value creation is one of the major long term objectives of the Lego Group. The company also gives particular emphasis to global expan sion and market share growth in the long term. As Jenson (2012) points out, zero waste is the ultimate long term goal of the company. Strategy Analysis and Choice It is recommendable for Lego to choose cost leadership strategy to achieve and maintain competitive advantages over its market rivals. Currently, the company has spread across the globe and it has numerous potential capital sources to invest significantly in production assets. The organization possesses better product designing capabilities and high level expertise in manufacturing process engineering. In addition, Lego maintains efficient distribution channels. Furthermore, this generic strategy is beneficial for the organization to defend new entrants effectively. Similarly, the market development grand strategy is best for the